British educator John David Parkin in the "death of childhood" in his book: "the concept of childhood itself is a social, historic building." It is not purely a biological concepts and categories. Subject to different political, cultural, scientific development impact, in different historical periods, children are treated in different ways, the mainstream view of children is different.
Before the Renaissance, in the West, children have been "ignored" its existence and rights are not recognized, there is no independent personality of children, adult dependency. The ancient Greeks had a proverb for everything under the sun has a corresponding word, but this saying does not fit in the "child" concept. Roman's first statute "Twelve Tables" section 4 "patriarchal law" provides that: children are the parents of private property, the father of their children (including adult children outside marriage than) the right to have life or death.
In medieval Europe a thousand years of historical period, the Christian in the ideological field position of absolute dominance. Children with "original sin" came into the world of people, educating children is to help children atonement. In the medieval church schools, children were treated as adults, the school provides a very rigid learning routines. Children have been suppressed laughter hilarious, video games and aspirations. If a violation of school rules, will be punished or even corporal punishment. Christians often refer to "Old Testament" to the defense of corporal punishment: "who refused to stick with the stick, really hate his own son; son's love, when will be punished." French historian Philippe Ali leaves in the "childhood of the century" in his book, medieval Western society do not know what "childhood", not "baby's feelings," can not have enough to realize that childhood and adult children, even young people separates to the special nature.
Philip Ali leaves that in medieval society, the idea of children does not exist until the sixteenth century was only "invented." Thirteen century, Renaissance Italy, this ideological and cultural movement from the rise of future expansion into Western Europe, popular in Europe in the sixteenth century, its influence over politics, science, philosophy, literature, art, religion and other aspects of the knowledge exploration . Renaissance of feudalism and theocratic doctrine launched a fierce attack, full recognition of human values, the dominant position. In this social transformation, based on the people began to reflect on the Middle Ages that childhood is in addition to deaths, life in the most depraved view of the most tragic period, beginning with children's consciousness. Early Renaissance humanists advocate the harmonious development of children's physical and mental, individual attention to children's development, the development of children as people, respect the child's personality, and strongly oppose the destruction and repression Child, these ideas into the modern view of children's marked the beginning.
Joris Las humanist thinkers 德西德里乌 mo clear that the treatment of children, first there should be love. He opposed the teaching of child abuse, "with a terrorist means to make him abandon evil, but a kind of servile practices. ... ... With the means of education should have been free of child slavery is absurd!" He advised Teachers should study children, do not think the interest of children and adults, like, do not ask the same behavior of children and adults. He said the students was a child, and each of us has a child himself.
For thousands of years, children have been considered inadequate, wrong, and need to teach and correct. With the awareness of children's in-depth study, a group of educators, thinkers began to advocate for humanity at the core of the new view of children. They proceed from the humanity of human nature, and called for respect for the liberation of children, the children share lead position, according to the nature of the subject children to promote their free development. British philosopher John Locke believed that the child's nature is like a whiteboard, a great plasticity. He pointed out that there are age-appropriate children's freedom and autonomy, do not use unnecessary constraints to restrict them, not hinder the child's characteristics, not against them the game, they enjoy all the freedoms. He believes that children in freedom, democracy, equality, fraternity should have a place in society.
Enlightenment, one of the most outstanding representative Jean - Jacques Rousseau "discovered" the children: Children are first of all as a "person" and a person's fundamental characteristics. He said: "To respect the child, not to rush him to make good or bad judge." He urged that people should adapt to the nature of children, respect for childhood. He believes that children have their own views, thoughts and feelings, they are real people. Rousseau rejected the childhood only to prepare for future adult life the idea that children have an independent existence value. This view in the view of children and child education in the history of the evolution of great significance.
Rousseau contributed to the concern of future generations of children, children's innocence and natural access to the Acura and praise. Children began to be serious attention in the "dark original sin" and "white ignorance" of the poles gradually been given more true statement. In 1900, Swedish educator Ailun Kai predicted: "The twentieth century is the century of children." Since then, respect for children, about children's increasing demands for Sheng, children become the focus of attention of all mankind. Western view of children independently from the positive significance of the existence of children, began to study child psychology, child development and concerns revealed in depth.
The famous American pragmatist philosopher and educator John Dewey's view of children is an important part of "children's center theory." He criticized the shortcomings of the old education is "beyond the school's focus on children, teachers, textbooks, only not in the child's own instincts and actions immediately," he pointed out that education should guide the growth of normal human nature, to respect children master status, in-depth understanding of them, and education approach, measures should be centered around children.
Montessori pre-school education is a famous Italian scientist, she believes children are the object of the oppressed and misunderstood. She stressed that children's inherent potential strength, she pointed out, the psychological function of creative, active and powerful of this children's creativity is a human treasure. However, thousands of years, people do not recognize the child's inner world of tremendous power, which often impose their will on them, to suppress children's nature so that children become adults, often the control of slaves. Montessori called "child find", "Free the Children", so that each child's potential can be natural, and harmonious development, thus demonstrating a better personality.
Swiss founder of genetic epistemology, psychology, history of known child psychologist Jean Piaget, Freud than a "giant", the main study children's cognitive development and structure, his view of children contained in the recognition of children knowledge of the theory. He stressed that children are not small adults, children are not at the wisdom of a small adult wisdom. Children are creative, cognitive development on children's performance on the understanding and creation. Meanwhile, the children are active constructors of their cognitive development is through the cognitive structure of the continuous construction and conversion achieved with a stage, each stage of the formation is a dynamic process.
Children to adapt to changes in the concept of half of the twentieth century the social development needs of a child as an independent individual in-depth discussion, the presence of children re-discover the meaning of reflection of education, to adapt to children's psychological development, of children growing up, etc., in complete eradication of theocratic, patriarchal view of other children in the old decadent epoch-making revolution has played a role.
The late twentieth century, post-modern deconstruction of sweeping academia. Research in children, New York University professor Neil Postman exclaimed: childhood disappeared! Prior to this stage by comparing the times with different social structures on children's understanding of the concept, Bozeman found that children different from adults, a notable feature is gradually blurred, built on the unique personality of the child's age and the children on the basis of the concept has been greatly impact. We believe that children should become more and more like it, they are psychological and physiological aspects of rapid growth, had still in their childhood and adults, respectively, but soon disappeared. British educator John David Parkin and therefore declared: childhood is dead! We have been familiar with and understand the concept of children are dying, children's "premature", adult, in the twentieth century became a significant social phenomenon.
View of children is not static, it is closely related with social development, is always in constant research and definition. Today, we are facing a view of children to reflect on how the reconstruction of childhood problems and to make children and adults separated from each other to maintain the boundaries between children and adults, so that the performance of normal children's natural development, so that childhood attributed to pure.
About the Author: Lijuan Juan, "intellectual" magazine editor in chief, senior journalist; College of Nankai University doctoral student, in comparative literature studies.
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