War, constraints and cooperation: Russia to Japan's past and present research

From Russia to Japan of the historical process is not difficult to find, research in Russia and Japan is always evolving relationship with Russia and Japan and their geo-political competition between closely related. Or from a long history both the breadth and depth exchange of view, Russia, Japan to study abroad, study in Japan have a special place.

Russia and Japan are each other's neighbors, but also with important countries in Asia. In recent years, Russia and Japan to expand exchanges and cooperation between the two countries, and territorial disputes between the two countries signed a peace treaty and other historical issues, and thinking of the Russian great-power chauvinism and other factors, but also seriously hampered the development of bilateral relations. Because the two positions in the world and the complex relationship between the two countries, Russia and Japan will study is particularly urgent and important. Since the early 18th century, Russia and Japan research and development can be roughly divided into five stages.

Foreign exploration period of expansion of basic research

Russia and Japan originated in the early 18th century study, which was mainly by Russian navigators and explorers brought back information about Japan, the Netherlands and other European countries. In 1705, Peter the Great to encourage people to learn Japanese, maritime institutes in St Petersburg in Russia the first Japanese language school, which was also the first Japanese language school in Europe.

Early 19th century, with the expansion of Russia to the Far East, some Russian scholars began to study at close range with limited information in Japan's history and geography. 1803-1805, the Russian navigator, hydrography home Kelu Sen Sternberg in sailing expedition through the north Atlantic and the Pacific, especially when examined Kamchatka, Sakhalin, the Kuril Islands and southeastern Japan, the mysterious zone. After returning home, he compiled his own sailing experience as "1803-1806 years by" hope "and the" Neva number "ships travel around the world" (1809), the book documents the life of the residents were Japanese, and hydrographic conditions and so on. In 1872, the Russian navigator, Admiral Geluofuning published in 1811-1813 years between test 察库纳施尔 Island (after the island) is captured by the Japanese life after "Diary", this diary until today still Research by Russian scientists as an important reference in Japan.

19th century, Japan embarked on the capitalist road, began to seek foreign expansion, which is Russia's intention to expand eastward in North Asia has the effect of conflicts and contradictions. Therefore, the Russian began to focus on trends in Japan, strengthening the Japanese study. 1888, St. Petersburg University, the establishment of the Oriental Department, launched a Japanese history, geography, language and living areas such as research, as Russia's main base of Japanese studies. The Department of the famous Oriental scholar Conrad compiled some information about Japanese history, social system and other aspects of the book became an important Russian Japanese research community references such as "Japan's feudal system problem", "From ancient times to the Meiji Restoration in Japan historical overview "and" Japanese History Lecture "and so on. In 1899, Vladivostok was established Eastern College, Japan School was listed as one of key disciplines. As the Institute has a wealth of Japanese Studies and Oriental Studies data, Russia and Japan became an important historical research base. The hospital's first dean of Oriental scholar 波兹涅耶夫 first compiled in Russia, "the Russo-Japanese hieroglyphs Dictionary" (1908).

However, the early 20th century, the Russian government has not given appropriate support. Japanese studies and the lack of stability of the material basis of the organization, some researchers only by virtue of its interest in certain fields of study yielded some results. For example, the Japanese language school, one of the founders Si Pali text written a lot about Japanese history textbooks and linguistics, Confucianism, religious and literary aspects of writing.

Russo-Japanese War after the special study

1904-1905 years, Russia and Japan to compete on the Korean peninsula and northeast China's control over the outbreak of the Russo-Japanese War. Russia as a defeated, whether official or private, around the Russian-Japanese war, the historical background, causes, processes, impacts, and diplomatic activities during the war to start a detailed study. At that time the Russian scholars generally believe that, the introduction of "continental policy", decided the history of Russian-Japanese war inevitable. Russian troops during the war as commander in chief of Kuropatkin wrote four volumes of the "Kuropatkin general notes on the Russian-Japanese war", from "Battle of Liaoyang," "River Battle", "Kill the battle" and " war summary "of four parts, the book to the author's memoirs as a reference during the war, from a strategic point of view the specific account of the 18th century and the mid-19th century, the status of Russian troops, combat situations and problems, a detailed summary of the Russian victory or defeat reasons. Rich historical book, a Russian academic research works of the authority of the Russian-Japanese war.

After the October Revolution of comprehensive research

After the victory of October Revolution of 1917, Russia and Japan research methods and qualitative change occurred in the field, the main characteristics of the research are: Marxism-Leninism as the methodology, analysis of the development pattern of Japanese imperialism, the historical division of Japan's period of development, workers and peasants living in Japan reveals the causes of poverty.

The mid-1930s, economic geography and history from the national study in the division out. Zhukov ancient history and modern history of Japan's research became a Marxist research milestone in Japanese history, he served as editor of the magazine "World History" and "Soviet History Encyclopedia" Russia has received three awards. Linguistics is divided into two language studies and cultural studies subjects. Conrad compiled a large number of grammatical theory of monographs such as "Japan's national literary language syntax," "Japanese people and the State", "Japanese literary form" and "On the syntax of spoken Japanese," as the study was made of Japan significant contribution.

World War II, the Russian research institutions and universities to stop teaching in Japan and Japanese studies, Japanese studies major in the military sector. Part of the conscription into the army after the Japanese researchers were sent to Central Asia, Siberia and the Far East, engaged in teaching, consultancy, translation and advocacy work, and some switch to other jobs.

Systematic study of World War II

After World War II, for the practical needs of the national interest, the Soviet Union and Japan held talks in mid-1956 and restored diplomatic relations. Soviet-Japanese relations will influence the pattern of international relations in East Asia, the importance of bilateral relations. In the tension of the situation, the Soviet Union began to research the destination will be Japan, the focus of Oriental Studies as a discipline. In 1966, the establishment of the Russian Academy of Sciences Institute of the Far East, Russian-Japanese relations and Japan's military policies, political and economic fields, the focus of research in Japan, and the Government in formulating policy toward Japan has played an advisory role. Far East Institute of East Asian countries focus on the country in the history, economy, international relations, philosophy, literature and other areas of leading scholars, the Soviet Union was the largest research base in Japan.

On the political front, before the end of the Cold War after World War II to a large number of books published, and detailed study of the Japanese were forced to open the door, the Meiji Restoration, foreign aggression, war in the Pacific and the U.S. occupation of Japan and transformation. Japan-US relations during this period the focus of research is the research, published a number of high-quality works, such as "fight fight for the Pacific - US-Japan conflict" (A Weilin, 1952), "United States of America in Japan's colonial expansion "(Petrov, 1954)," Japan and the U.S.: partners and competitors "(Yi Gena Figure Yushchenko, 1970) and" Japan-US military-political alliances "(韦尔比茨基), etc.

In economic terms, this period of research focused on post-war Japan's economic development, budget and economic system of monopoly capitalism in Japan form the reasons for the status and role. Such as "Japan's financial" (Boldyrev, 1946) and "the Japanese economy after World War II" (Madame Pearl Zina, 1950 and 1955), these books detail the Japanese during World War II domestic economic conditions and financial investment and financing as well as post-war economic catch-up period of financial investment and financing issues, empirical study of how the money supply the Japanese government has plans to intervene in the market.皮古列夫斯基 written in "contemporary Japanese political monopoly and oligarchy" (1996) and Jinkeweiqi "Contemporary Overview of the Japanese economy" (1972), describes the defeat of Japan focus on the daunting after economic reconstruction task, analysis of the Japanese government to adopt a mixed economy system, the internal structure and operation characteristics.

On the military side, this period published a number of Japanese national character shape, martial tradition and the spirit of Bushido, the concept of the kingdom of God and emperor worship and other aspects of the discussion of ideas. Xie Erji extended families such as the preparation of the "revival of Japanese militarism," Samhain's "Japanese militarism during World War II" and the Mano Rove's "Japanese militarism - military history", etc., of the Japanese militarism the origins of ideas generated, the formation process and institutional structure, analysis of foreign aggression and expansion of Japanese militarism historical roots.

After the Cold War, both academic and applied research

After the Cold War, the gradual warming of relations between Russia and Japan, Russia and the day of the academic exchange and research more free flowing. Gradually to the study of Russia and Japan, "Japan in the world, regional relations in Japan", "regions of the world and the Russian-Japanese relations" multi-directional expansion, reflecting both academic and applied characteristics. These topics focus on three areas of performance.

The first is the study of Russian-Japanese relations. Russia, Russia-Japan relations research has focused on political, economic and cultural fields. Political relations, the territorial dispute, Russian Japanese research community adhere to the "hold" principle. Economic relations, the Russian-Japanese economic and trade development of the system is divided into three stages, namely 1991-1995 1996-2001 stalemate relaxation phase and 2002 to the present rise, and changes the focus on the Japanese economy. " miracle "as the focus of the analysis, the shortcomings of the Japanese economy began to discuss the economic crisis and the harm. Cultural exchange, the Russian special attention to the academic activities of Japan's cultural diplomacy, popular Japanese culture emphasizes the strategic expansion in Asia, features and necessity, namely the use of cultural diplomacy to avoid historical memory, revealing the painful period of history has also caught the anti-Japanese emotional reasons.

Secondly, the external relations of change in the past focused on, the United States, Russia, South Korea, North Korea on the issue of bilateral diplomatic relations, strengthening of the United Nations, ASEAN, EU, Middle East, Latin America and other regions and national relations research. Over the past decade, scholars of "East Asian cooperation," the Japanese foreign policy as a key research topic.

Meanwhile, the study of Japanese political parties have changed, especially for Koizumi cabinet in 2001 long-term governance has been on the Japanese political parties, politicians and political evolution of the characteristic features of the research began to increase, phased development of political parties to show the characteristics of Japan , analysis and forecast the future direction of Japan's political situation.

Since the early 1990s, Russia's implementation of re-adjustment of Japanese research institutions, increasing the number of official and unofficial institutions. Currently, the Russian research institute focused on Japan's six centers, namely, Moscow, St. Petersburg, Nizhny Novgorod, Khabarovsk, Vladivostok and Sakhalin, other regions such as Yekaterinburg, Novosibirsk , Irkutsk and other places also have a research center in Japan. Meanwhile, the Japanese government and the Japan Foundation Japanese studies in Russia also gave some support. For example, in 1991, Russian Academy of Sciences and the Foundation signed a research agreement, the Russian Academy of Sciences Institute of Oriental, Russian Institute of World Economy and International Relations of Japan and Far East Institute research-based, was established in 1997 in contemporary Japan Research Centre, to Russia, Japan to strengthen the research, the establishment of Russian-Japanese academic exchange platform. In the Japan Foundation with the support of contemporary Japanese Research Center published a large number of academic monographs, such as "the image of contemporary Japanese society," "the challenges of globalization - Japan's response", etc., also published a quarterly newsletter, "you know the Japanese . "

In summary, the study of Russia and Japan each stage of the research methods and focus are different. From Russia to Japan of the historical process is not difficult to find, research in Russia and Japan is always evolving relationship with Russia and Japan and their geo-political competition between closely related. Or from a long history both the breadth and depth exchange of view, Russia, Japan to study abroad, study in Japan have a special place.

Yangjun Dong (Author: Tianjin Academy of Social Sciences, Institute of Northeast Asia)